GRANT
journal
ISSN 1805-062X, 1805-0638 (online), ETTN 072-11-00002-09-4
EUROPEAN GRANT PROJECTS | RESULTS | RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT | SCIENCE
communication with representatives of other cultures. To make full
use of his knowledge, skills and argumentation skills, he primarily
uses language as a mediator of communication. Each language is
influenced by historical development and culture, so the current
approach to communication (not only) in diplomacy is currently
preferred from an intercultural point of view. These cultural
differences are referred to in diplomacy as „the "raison d'être" and
are among the primary skills of every communicant." (Adamcová,
2018, p. 372)
2. INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION IN THE
PROCESS OF EDUCATION OF FUTURE DIPLOMATS
The educational process of future diplomats is a complex and
multidimensional process of preparing students for demanding
internships in the environment of international relations. In addition
to vocational education, which provides theoretical knowledge, the
acquisition of intercultural competences through foreign language
teaching is an essential part. The curriculum of individual language
groups is extensive in terms of thematic focus and does not focus on
passive reception of information, but mainly on the analysis of key
elements of the field and critical thinking. The result of such a
comprehensive training is a graduate who understands and respects
the differences and specifics of other cultures, is able to perform
adequately and communicate effectively in a multilingual and
culturally different environment. The main goal of the educational
training of students of international relations and diplomacy is to
provide quality knowledge of international relations, geopolitics,
political science, sociology, history, which will provide them with
the expertise necessary for their further work. Equally important,
however, is the comprehensive information base on other cultures
with which they will be confronted in their practice. As Lehmanová
argues, "subjects of intercultural communication enter the
communication process with different, culture-determined cognitive
and emotional structures, with different ways of perceiving and
evaluating reality." (Lehmanová, 1999, p. 21) Many studies have
confirmed that misinterpreted elements of such communication can
lead not only to mutual misunderstanding of communicants, but also
to serious international conflicts in the conditions of international
diplomacy. Most people, despite their education and the strict rules
of the protocol, tend to consider their cultural norms to be correct,
and these preconditions create the conditions for racism,
xenophobia, or ethnocentrism. To sum it up, the condition for
successful intercultural communication in the field of international
relations is the acquisition of quality intercultural competencies in
the process of educational training of future diplomats.
2.1 Intercultural competences
Within the research of intercultural communication, a category of
intercultural competence (intercultural competences) appears, which
Průcha defines as "the ability of an individual to implement
appropriate skills of effective communication using acquired
knowledge of the specifics of national cultures and cooperation with
members of other cultures". (Průcha, 2010, s. 46) It is a complex
summary of an individual's abilities and skills, which can be divided
into three basic groups:
cognitive competence (CC) - the way of thinking in a given
situation, awareness of prejudices, stereotypes and gaining new
knowledge about another culture;
affective competence (AC) - a way of experiencing a given
situation, using empathy and assertiveness to adapt to new
cultural conditions;
behavioural competence (BC) - a way of behaving in a given
situation, which represents manifestations of verbal and
nonverbal communication, the ability to resolve conflicts and
problems in a new cultural situation.
(compiled according to Morgensternová, Šulová et al., 2007,
pp. 10-14)
The most important aspects of intercultural competences that are
developed in the educational training of future diplomats include:
emphasis on self-reflection (CC)
defining one's own cultural values, norms, traditions and
connotations and their significance for the individual (CC)
empathy (AC)
intercultural adaptability (AC)
ability of adequate intercultural communication (BC)
adequate resolution of conflicts and problems arising from the
differences of other cultures (BC)
ability to cooperate in intercultural working groups (BC)
By acquiring new language competencies, but above all new
knowledge about other cultures, we try to develop in students:
identification of similarities and differences between one's own
and other cultures (CC)
getting closer to thinking and behaviour of members of other
cultures (CC)
tolerance and openness to other cultures without barriers and
negative attitudes, based on common prejudices and
stereotypes (CC)
ability to adapt based on sensitivity to another mentality (AC)
ability to identify, evaluate and correctly interpret patterns of
emotional behaviour of members of those cultures (AC)
conflict resolution strategies (BC)
teamwork (BC)
skills of verbal and non-verbal communication - acquire
language skills at a high level, including the most specific parts
of the language - phraseological units (for more details see
section 3), eliminate communication noise, respect the formal
rules of conduct in other cultures (BC).
The above criteria provide a basis for developing students' skills in
intercultural communication. It is necessary to train all categories of
intercultural competencies (cognitive, affective and behavioural),
because only in mutual interaction do they create a full and complex
structure, suitable for use in different situations. Based on the
training, future diplomats develop new attitudes towards other
cultures, they are led to develop the ability to communicate with
respect to cultural specifics, without prejudice and uncertainty
arising from possible communication barriers. Therefore, teachers
with a high level of knowledge, as well as social and cultural
maturity, should be involved in higher education in international
relations and diplomacy, ready to provide their students with
inspiring conditions that encourage interest in cultural differences,
social interaction and training of theoretical abilities and skills, such
as in the form of active participation in Erasmus stays abroad. It
follows from the above categories that the basic condition for
acquiring adequate intercultural competences and respecting the
specifics of other cultures is the language skills of the individual.
The aim of language teaching is to provide knowledge, skills and
abilities that will provide graduates with an adequate basis for
further development in practice, with regard to their future work in a
multicultural environment. A successful graduate should have in-
depth language skills, a broad overview of individual cultures and
sufficient respect for diversity to be able to respond naturally to the
various communication situations to which he or she will be
exposed.
Vol. 9, Issue 1
8