GRANT
journal
ISSN 1805-062X, 1805-0638 (online), ETTN 072-11-00002-09-4
EUROPEAN GRANT PROJECTS | RESULTS | RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT | SCIENCE
associated threats to reputation (Holdswordt, 2014). SCCT
understands “reputation” as an aggregate score that the stakeholders
give based on how the organization meets their expectations based
on its previous behavior (Coombs, 2007b).
Fig. 5 Model of crisis situation according to Situational Crisis
Communication Theory
Source: Coombs, T. W. 2007a. Ongoing Crisis Communication:
Planning, Managing, and Responding, Second Edition, Thousand
Oaks: SAGE Publications.
The crisis poses a threat to the reputation of an organization as it
affects a wide range of stakeholder groups and gives them a reason
to think low of the organization. The concept of reputational capital
is the he conceptualization of reputation and its threats, i.e. the rate
of quality of the relationships that the organization built with its
stakeholders and the opinion they have of the company and its brand
(Fombrun – Van Riel, 2004). An organization with a solid original
reputation and/or higher initial amounts of reputational capital has
more reputational capital to spend in a crisis than an organization
with a neutral or bad reputation before the onset of the crisis, and
therefore it manages to overcome the crisis more easily. The
negative reputation of an organization leads to negative behavior
intentions of the stakeholders against it.
The first step in this theory is to identify the type of crisis. The
STTC provides twelve types of crises divided into three groupings,
which vary by the degree of responsibility that the stakeholders
attribute to an organization for the crisis:
1. Victim – the organization is seen as a victim of the crisis and has
little or no attributed responsibility and mild reputational threats.
2. Accident – the crisis is seen as a random event, i.e. the actions of
the organization were unintentional, and only minimal responsibility
is attributed to the organization.
3. Intention – includes the crises that the organization could have
prevented and are caused by a deliberate immoral and/or illegal
conduct with a strong attribution of responsibility (Coombs –
Holladay, 2002).
The second step is to define the response strategies to the crisis.
Their aim is to correct the reputation of the organization, limit the
negative impact of the crisis and avoid negative behavioral
intentions (Coombs, 2007b). These strategies describe what the
crisis staff should do and communicate in response to the crisis.
They are sorted according to the degree of acceptance of
responsibility by the organization, and they are also grouped into
three groups: deny crisis response strategies, diminish crisis
response strategies and rebuild crisis response strategies. These
primary strategies are complemented by secondary supporting
strategies:
A. Primary crisis response strategies:
1. Strategies to deny the responsibility:
a) Attack the accuser – confrontation of persons or groups claiming
that the organization is facing a problem. The response may include
a threat of legal action.
b) Denial – a claim that the crisis does not exist, or that the
organization did not carry out the actions leading to the crisis.
c) Transfer of responsibility (scapegoat) – a person or group outside
the organization is blamed for the crisis.
2. Strategies to diminish the responsibility:
a) Excuse – denial of the organization’s intention to cause damage
or a claim that it could not have influenced the circumstances that
led to the crisis.
b) Justification – an effort to minimize the perceived damage caused
by the crisis.
3. Strategies to rebuild trust:
a) Compensation – an organization offers money or other
compensation to the victims of the crisis.
b) Apology - is divided into full or partial. Full apology constitutes
the acceptance of responsibility for the crisis, an expression of
concern and regret over the crisis. Partial apology is only an
expression of interest to address the crisis and show regret over the
events. The selection of either variant depends on the ensuing legal
response.
B. Secondary crisis response strategies:
1. Strategies to bolster reputation:
a) Reminder - a reminder of past good works of the organization.
b) Ingratiation - recognizing the contribution of the stakeholders to
resolve the crisis.
c) Victimage - the stakeholders are reminded that the organization is
a victim of the crisis (Coombs, 2007a).
In addition to the rules for determining the content of crisis response
SCCT also provides advice on its form. These can be summarized in
a few concise rules. The initial response to the crisis must come as
quickly as possible. The response must be factually accurate and
consistent between the spokespersons of the organization. Public
safety must be a top priority. SCCT also recommends using all
available information channels for the organization to express
interest and/or sympathy for the victims of the crisis (Coombs,
2007c).
4.2 The role of management in crisis communication
The organizations have been recently subject to the requirement for
the so-called agility and agile management that can flexibly respond
to crisis situations. Agility is seen in the organizational context as an
essential factor for maintaining competitiveness and survival of the
organization. According to Hofert (2016), agile organizations are
demonstrably significantly more successful than the non-agile ones.
Agility is understood as speed, flexibility and proactive adaptation
to change. The ever-accelerating development of new technologies
and digitization increases the complexity and uncertainty in
enterprises (Hofert 2016). According to Nowotny (2016, p. 62),
agility means anticipating change, generating confidence, initiating
activities and liberalizing thinking. An agile mindset should be the
Vol. 9, Issue 1
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