GRANT
journal
ISSN 1805-062X, 1805-0638 (online), ETTN 072-11-00002-09-4
EUROPEAN GRANT PROJECTS | RESULTS | RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT | SCIENCE
ideas and expectations of its subsidiaries in Slovakia. To enrich the
negotiation skills between the two countries the cultural interference
in communication needs to be identified, which contributes to the
optimization of communication processes between the trading
partners.
3.
COMMUNICATION AS AN EXPRESSION OF
CULTURE
According to Hofstede et al. (2005) culture is learned and not
inherited, dynamically self-modifying and not statically stable, and
always collective, yet lived at the individual level. Culture directs
the collective behavioral norms, which are customary in social
intercourse.
According to Edgar H. Schein’s model (2010), each corporate
culture is incorporated into the national culture of the country of
operation. This means that based on the assumptions and beliefs of
its founders, executives and employees, the company reflects the
deeper assumptions of national culture (own translation: Schein,
2010, p. 60). According to Schein, corporate culture can be seen as
follows: “The culture of a group can now be defined as a pattern of
shared basic assumptions that was learned by a group as it solved
its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, that
has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be
taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and
feel in relation to those problems“ (Schein, 2004, s. 17).
Fig. 3: Three levels of corporate culture
Source: (own processing from Schein, 2010, p. 31)
Fig. 3 shows the level of corporate culture, which point to its depth,
width and stability. Culture cannot be easily changed, but it can be
observed and partially deciphered and interpreted, however, it is
impossible to fully understand it (Schein, 2010, p. 40).
According to Neubauer (2003), corporate culture is a "set of shared
ideas, values and norms that have been developed to overcome the
problems in an organization ... and that have proven so effective that
they are passed on to the new members of the organization to make
them perceive, think, feel and act accordingly” (own translation
from Neubauer 2003, p. 22). This transfer to the new members of
the organization, subject to acceptance, ensures their social
compatibility.
3.1 Cultural dimensions
Cultural dimensions and standards aim to highlight the stereotypes
in the behavior of one culture, diversity of behavior in different
cultures, their understanding and compliance thereto. In the
following section, we will present two empirical studies on culture:
Hofstede's and Trompenaar's.
A. Cultural dimensions are aptly described by Hofstede (2005) in
his organizational model in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4: Cultural dimensions according to Hofstede
Source: https://www.hofstede-insights.com/product/compare-
countries/
Power distance
The Power Distance cultural dimension shows us to what degree
society expects or accepts the diversity in its institutions and
organizations. According to Gunkel (2011, p. 381), this dimension
refers to the degree of centralization of decision-making, which
means that the countries with a large Power Distance expect
centralized decisions – in contrast, the countries with a small power
distance are typical for the acceptance of decentralized decisions.
Slovakia shows the highest score in the Power Distance dimension
as a nation (Hofstede & Hofstede, 2005, p. 43). The chief executive
has a dominant position in the workplace and the subordinates
accept it. On the other hand, a great Power Distance also brings a
certain degree of responsibility of the chief executive for his/her
subordinates. Hofstede's Power Distance can be critically interpreted
through a deeper insight into the source of this power. This means
that Hofstede does not address the source of this power: it is
political power, the power of information, or rather family relations
or connections?
Individualism vs. collectivism
This dimension refers to the degree of preference to take care of
oneself and his/her immediate family, or to commit to a greater team
of people or close or more distant family members. In a work
scenario, it can be seen that the employees who prefer
individualistic values are more successful in an individualist work
tasks, and on the other hand, the employees preferring collectivist
values are more successful in teamwork.
Individualism and collectivism are the two sides of the same coin: if
individualism prevails, collectivism is low. Individualism manifests
itself through own decisions without consulting others, by living the
preferred lifestyle regardless of others, but also by taking full
responsibility for own life. Collectivism is characterized by
following the group norms, such as the family contexts and
delegation of responsibility for oneself to the church, faith or
employer. In collectivist cultures, the avoidance of social conflicts
due to the possible loss of protection of the group as a result of the
conflict. This aspect should be taken into account in the dissertation
project when making proposals for optimizing the communication
processes.
Artifacts
Organizational
structures and
processes (as visible
symbols, but only
decipherable through
knowledge about the
organization)
Publicly promoted
values
Strategies, aims,
philosophy (on the
level of concepts and
self-expression of the
enterprise)
Elementary
unpronounced
presuppositions
Non-conscious but
generally accepted
beliefs, perceptions,
thoughts and feelings
(source of values and
source of actions)
Vol. 9, Issue 1
71