GRANT
journal
ISSN 1805-062X, 1805-0638 (online), ETTN 072-11-00002-09-4
EUROPEAN GRANT PROJECTS | RESULTS | RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT | SCIENCE
Fig. 1: Implicit organization model
Source: own processing according to Hofstede et al., 2005, p. 243
The figure shows the typical behavior in organizations as a result of
cultural differentiation. Slovakia is in the field of “family” where
values other than those in Germany are dominant. Germany is in the
field of “machine”. In the family, values such as harmony and
acceptance of opinion of senior members (or the head of the family
– the boss in the organizational context) are important, which
presumes the avoidance of conflict. On the other hand, the most
important aspect of a machine is that it works, and this is only
possible if the failures or breakdowns (in the context of
organizational conflicts) are immediately addressed.
Edgar H. Schein (2010) postulates that the view of the corporate
culture allows us to better understand the arising conflicts and even
“understand” the rebellion against changes (Schein, 2010, p. 178).
Karl Eibl (2009) asks the following question from the
evolutionary/biological perspective: When a person cannot go
beyond his/her genetic disposition, i.e. when he/she is limited by
nature, can these shortcomings be compensated by culture? Perhaps
the answer is a “yes”: by means of communication. Communication
is an anthropological constant, but anthropological constants also
include aggressiveness and conflicts. Communication as part of the
culture is essential and indispensable for conflict resolution.
Eibl (2009) points to the need to look at culture as a mediator
between nature and the individual. Culture is forcing an individual
into a corset: If there were no culture, each individual could freely
use and satisfy his/her affectations, inclinations and motivations.
From the perspective of nature, human beings have a tendency to
conflict because of the perpetual struggle for scarce resources, such
as the leadership positions in the workplace. Therefore, a person as
an individual has an inherent and continuous conflict with the
culture. The existence of conflicts is not a coincidence.
During the evolution of human socialization a hierarchy was used,
which helps people to solve conflicts. A hierarchy ensures social
order in each culture (Happel 2017). Examples include the
considerations of the Chinese philosopher Confucius (orig. Kong Fu
Ze): seniors stand above juniors; men over women; fathers over
sons; older brothers over younger; officers over farmers; bosses over
employees, and these notions shape the Chinese culture to this day
(Hofstede & Hofstede, 2005, p. 64). In countries such as Slovakia,
Germany and China the relations between superiors and
subordinates in the workplace differ and they are determined by
national culture. In all three countries, the hierarchy is present, but
manifests itself in a different form (Stemplinger et al., 2005).
The hierarchical organization is related to power – the privilege
associated with a certain position in the structure of corporate
hierarchy. Hofstede (2005) identified six cultural dimensions in the
structure of an organization, which may be used to measure the
national dimension by Power Distance, and express it numerically.
The highest possible score on the scale is 100, and it provides
information on the dependency of relationships in the workplace
(Hofstede et al., 2005).
Fig. 2: National cultural dimension - Power Distance (PDI)
Source:https://www.hofstede-insights.com/product/compare-
countries/, accessed on 22.11.2018
Fig. 2 shows the situation in Slovakia and Germany in Power
Distance (Power Distance Index), i.e. to what extent is inequality in
the distribution of power accepted in society. A high score on the
scale indicates that the less powerful individuals accept the
unequally distributed power (Slovakia = 100 out of 100). A low
score indicates that power is evenly distributed (Germany = 35 out
of 100). In Germany, a supervisor is likely to be perceived as a
“primus inter pares” (first among equal). This means that he/she
takes into account the opinions of his/her subordinates, and defines
himself/herself on their level – as their coach. And adjusts his/her
communication accordingly. It can be inferred from the above that
hierarchy is merely functional in the German culture and it is not an
instrument of demonstration of power in the workplace (Mochtarova
2000, p. 23). Taking into account the implicit model of organization
it can be concluded that the “machine” mentality in the German
corporate culture is congruent with the behavior of the executives –
readiness to resolve conflicts without emotions. When
organizational changes are introduced, such as empowerment in
German companies, the implementation of this form of cooperation
in Slovakia is almost impossible and a conflict between the Slovak
managers and their subordinates may easily erupt. The cultural
values stand in the way – both on behalf of the superiors (possible
reactance regarding the loss and/or limitation of power) and
subordinates (possible reactance to assume the responsibility that
has been so far carried by the superior). One does not perceive
his/her own culture, and is possibly “blind” to his/her cultural eye.
Only a confrontation with another different culture provides a
differentiated view of his/her own (Thomas, 1993, p. 381). The
Slovak managers operating under the German corporate culture are
facing a considerable challenge to reconcile the conflicting values
and communicate them optimally.
Communication reflects the spirit of society and the behavior of an
individual is largely affected by his/her cultural circumstances
(Gunkel, 2011, p. 380). Dowling et al. (2008) puts a great emphasis
on the so-called “cultural shock” in the context of internationalist
companies – the attitudes, values and norms are very different
between the two cultures: „An important characteristic of culture is
that it is so subtle a process that one is not always conscious of its
effect on values, attitudes and behaviors. One usually has to be
confronted with a different culture in order to fully appreciate this
effect“ (Dowling et al., 2008, s. 10).
People’s expectations on the environment and society are closely
linked to communication and culture. These expectations vary
depending on the cultural context they originated in. In the
international companies, the national values of their subsidiaries in
the country of operation are dominant (Karten, 2004, p. 72). The
ideas and expectations of German parent companies regarding the
communication in the company may therefore be different from the
Small power distance
Large power distance
Small uncertainty
avoidance
Market (Denmark,
Sweden, USA)
Family (Slovakia,
China)
Great uncertainty
avoidance
Machine (Germany)
Pyramid (Japan,
Russia)
Vol. 9, Issue 1
70