GRANT
journal
ISSN 1805-062X, 1805-0638 (online), ETTN 072-11-00002-09-4
EUROPEAN GRANT PROJECTS | RESULTS | RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT | SCIENCE
processes include the new forms of communication and cooperation.
Social innovation begins with an activity that is needed to promote
the modern working conditions for employees, such as the
promotion of self-organization and more extensive freedom in the
individual composition of work processes. On an intra-company
level, this requires participatory and trust-based actions between the
management and subordinates. These working conditions make it
possible to use the innovation potential of employees of the
organization with the active involvement of agile management.
The main function of the executives should be able to communicate
– not only the “what” but also the “how” – because communication
is one of the most important management tools to positively
influence the subordinates (Rosenstiel et al., 2011, p. 325). An
example is the examination of the state of management and
communication in German companies, which was presented in the
qualitative study of 226 executives, which shows that the use of
agile management in practice is indeed necessary, but very difficult
to achieve. As can be seen in the study on the level of efficiency and
agility (www.hays.de), managers tend to concentrate more on
traditional topics such as innovation, and their promotion of
autonomy of the subordinates is insufficient (only 17%). A change
of the existing working practices related to the constantly changing
working environment first requires a certain degree of
understanding, and even some mental bipolarity, in the executives:
This means the use of the existing knowledge (exploitation) while
concentrating on new knowledge (exploration). Organizational
ambidexterity is understood as a cost-efficient and flexible response
to rapid changes (Fojcik, 2015). However, a successful
transformation depends on the persuasion of the process
participants, which also includes the managers and their
subordinates. The transformation is also blocked by other
circumstances in the company, such as the reluctance of managers to
change their existing style of management (61%), or frictions
regarding the competitive mindset (26%) (www.hays.de). A strong,
and especially generally accepted corporate culture supports the
process of recognition of new management tools, however, its
implementation is a gradual and difficult process in the clash of two
cultures, which also needs to take intercultural interference into
account.
Intercultural interference is understood as the transfer of cultural
structures from the original culture to the equivalent structures in the
foreign culture and vice versa. This relates to the structure of verbal
and nonverbal communication, which may be incorrect and
misleading in a foreign culture, and may lead to misunderstandings.
Thus, intercultural interference disrupts the messages in social
interaction in the transition from the sender from one cultural
context to the recipient in the other.
Both cultures – national and corporate – are complex social
phenomena. Certain cultures are only understood by their members.
Foreign members must vigorously analyze it in order to understand
the thinking, feelings and actions of its members. Acculturation
processes in contact with another culture allow us to understand, or
even adopt such a culture. The basic components of culture include
the ideas, values, norms and attitudes that affect communication.
They can be materialized through the description of attitudes and
values of expression and deciphering of symbols and meanings to
obtain a sufficient, comprehensive and a more valid image. For a
better understanding of the origin, course and solution of
organizational crises by means of crisis communication, we will try
– from the perspective of transdisciplinary paradigms – to
theoretically clarify particularly the crises caused by cultural
interference between the national and corporate culture, and use
examples from the German, Slovak, and Chinese (where
appropriate) business culture to illustrate the concept.
2.
CULTURAL ISSUES INFLUENCING THE
EMERGENCE OF CONFLICT
The subsequent theoretical considerations on the causes and
solutions of crisis communication are based on a logical reasoning
in the general theory of culture, demonstrated in the models by
Edward T. Hall (1990), and the specific models of cultural
circumstances in organizations in the implicit organizational model
presented by Geert Hofstede (2017), and the model of levels of
corporate culture by Edgar H. Schein (2010) relating to the analysis
of corporate culture.
The connotation of the concept “conflict” is negative, and it is
associated with a negative impact on human health. Conflicts are
necessary for an organization because they are the driving force
and/or drive for its development. Conflicts in the workplace only
result in personal growth if they are handled well by the individuals.
When we notice the conflicts, we can analyze and adequately handle
them. To have conflicts under control and stabilize them should be
one of the key objectives of each organization that carries a
conscious responsibility for the health of their staff.
The complexity of culture is also reflected in how people
communicate in the conflict. In Germany, for example, the exchange
of views is welcome and it is supported by the corporate culture by
the application of the so-called healthy arguing culture (gesunde
Streitkultur), but a quarrel at work in China is absolutely not
tolerated in terms of national culture. This means that the
legitimization function of culture allows the acceptance of certain
conduct. Culture manifests itself in communication and
communication is a management tool. A manager should not only
have a clear idea of the content, but also the ways of
communication, to preclude the emergence of negative reactions in
the subordinates. An example of the communication-cultural
paradox is the corporate culture value in Germany where the
supervisor is expected to treat the subordinates equally, and the
Slovak national culture where the great distance to power is deeply
rooted and the supervisor is expected to maintain a certain distance,
giving rise to cultural interference, which should eliminate the
suggestions to optimize the crisis management communication
processes.
According to Rosenstiel and Nerdinger (2011), social conflicts
within and between the groups at work can be defined as positive or
negative according to the relative scientific perspective.
Organizational psychologists perceive the social conflicts between
the people in economic practice rather negatively because a working
man is the object of their research. The fact that conflicts are often
burdensome means that they often reduce productivity and overall
performance. Sociologists perceive social conflicts at work a little
more positively because they see them through social systems and
structures that are cleared in conflict resolution (von Rosenstiel et
al., 2011, p. 305). Ngoh Tiong Tan (2012) defines conflict in the
cultural context as follows: “Conflict is a part of life an … routinely
deal with it, be it within a family, between people or groups, in
organizations, or in the community. Differences are often the reason
for conflict, though not necessarily. Diversity can also enrich
relationships and communities. Cultural conflict and conflict
resolution can present opportunities for change an interpersonal
growth as well as enhance intergroup understanding“ (Tan, 2012, s.
128).
Various scientific disciplines, such as sociology, philosophy,
psychology and anthropology, offer different interpretations of
conflicts. The most veracious are the ones of psychological nature:
conflicts arise because of the subjective perception of contradictions
and take place in the people's minds and/or feelings (Hugo-Becker et
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