GRANT
journal
ISSN 1805-062X, 1805-0638 (online), ETTN 072-11-00002-09-4
EUROPEAN GRANT PROJECTS | RESULTS | RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT | SCIENCE
represents 37.3%, and the overall difference in remuneration in the
EU is on average 39.6%. The importance of the subject is also
evident in the approach of the European Commission itself. It
created an action plan for years 2018 and 2019 in which it requested
improvement in respecting the principles of equal pay by amending
the guideline on gender equality (European Commission, 2018).
Graph 2 Development of average monthly wage by sex, 2007-2017
(€)
Source: own processing based on the Statistical Office of the Slovak
Republic
5.8
Impact of education on wages
The average gross wage of employees in Slovakia differed
significantly depending on the achieved level of education.
Education in most cases serves as a criterion for the selection of
employees. For some employers, education is a prerequisite for
certain qualities of an employee, which the employer is accustomed
to valuing appropriately. Over the past decade the total education
level of the population has sharply increased. The representation of
persons with a completed secondary school education is climbing.
This development corresponds with the gradual pushing out of the
labour force without qualifications, or with low qualification from
the labour market. This trend is also significantly reflected on the
level of employee remuneration (Filadelfiová, 2007). Table 8 shows
data on the amount of average wages of employees in Slovakia by
level of education achieved.
Table 8 Development of average monthly wage by education, 2007–
2017 (€)
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Basic
462
493
502
515
536
559
587
607
637
670
717
Upper secondary
professional
546
590
612
619
625
654
697
726
752
797
855
Complete upper
secondary
general
668
735
792
785
805
841
856
889
900
951 1010
Complete upper
secondary
professional
692
759
764
788
814
841
865
909
939
986 1036
1st degree
university
827
900
929
937
930
951
969 1021 1058 1120 1164
2nd degree
university
1171 1205 1256 1259 1278 1299 1331 1397 1448 1504 1563
3rd degree
university
1234 1277 1306 1304 1307 1331 1355 1390 1444 1540 1609
Source: own processing based on the Statistical Office of the Slovak
Republic
From Table 8 we can see that workers with only a primary school
education completed had a lower average wage in the years 2007-
2017. Average wages for this category moved during this period
from €462 to €717. People who had a 3rd level university education
had the highest wages and did so from 2007, when their average
wage was €1234 to 2017, when they earned €1609 on average. The
difference in earnings between workers with a primary education
and those with a 3rd level university education is very striking.
Completing the highest degree of education brings with it the
highest wages. In 2008 the wage of workers with a primary
education were 31.8% lower than the average in the economy, and
the average wage of workers with a 3rd level university education
was 76.6% higher than the average wage in the economy. Upon
comparison of the monitored period, even with 2017, workers with a
primary education earned 24.8% less than the average wage and
workers with a 3rd level university education earned 61% more than
the average in the Slovak economy. The difference between the
average pay of an employee with a university education and one
with a secondary school education in Slovakia was 37%. Despite
this being a palpable difference, among V4 countries, this gap for
university graduates is actually lower. While values in Poland (45%)
and Czech Republic (41%) are comparable with Slovakia, in
Hungary this is an especially large difference. Earnings of local
employees with a university education are namely up to 69% higher
there (Richterová, 2018).
6.
CONCLUSIONS
Slovakia has undergone great changes in the past 26 years. In 1993
it has become independent from Czechoslovakia, and in 2004 it has
become a member of the European Union. Despite the fact that
Slovakia is among smaller countries with a low level of average
wage, over the past ten years wage development has shown a
climbing tendency.
The most important element in the incomes of economically active
citizens is their wage, which should be fair and should also reflect
the true value of work performed. At the same time, however, it
should motivate employees to a higher performance. If wages are
not sufficiently motivating, this can have as a cause a slowing of
social and economic development of a country. Questions on wage
levels and development are relevant not only for companies but also
for the national economy. Companies are bound by legislation in the
remuneration of their employees. From a macroeconomic point of
view a wage is an important indicator of economic development and
has a big influence on the stability of the whole economy. Wage
levels are influenced in part by external but also by internal factors
of an individual nature, such as age, sex, education of the worker, as
well as the branch and professions; regional aspects are also of great
importance. A wage is a regularly studied indicator of statistical
monitoring and is also comparable in the context of transnational
observations. Therefore, the monitoring and predicting of wage
development in an economy or in key sectors is important
information for each employee, manager and leadership of a
company. A wage difference can on one hand be considered as
beneficial and necessary, and on the other we can see it as a serious
problem of the Slovak economy. Thanks to better knowledge about
it, acquired by monitoring development for the period 2007 – 2018,
we focused and compared in detail data on the level of the minimum
wage and the average wage in individual categories. Subsequently,
we indicated the factors that influence individual categories, and
how these wage differences affect the Slovak economy. Certain
factors emerged that a worker may or may not be able to influence
in order to secure a higher wage. Mainly the level of his or her
education can have an influence, and subsequently work
performance as well as the place of work. On the other hand, a
factor that a worker cannot influence in any way is his or her age.
We also highlighted gender inequality in the contribution, the
disparity between men and women in regard to wages. The status of
the gender inequality situation is monitored by the Government
Council for Gender Equality, in line with EU definitions. The results
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