GRANT
journal
ISSN 1805-062X, 1805-0638 (online), ETTN 072-11-00002-09-4
EUROPEAN GRANT PROJECTS | RESULTS | RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT | SCIENCE
Slovak economy depends on sectors of transport vehicles,
machinery, computers and electronics. It is in these specific
industries that 70% of the robots installed around the world operate.
A large number of jobs in Slovakia are replaceable by machines, but
in small and medium-sized businesses wage costs are still cheaper
than automation costs. In large foreign companies operating in
Slovakia, there is, as a consequence of falling costs for automation,
a risk of so-called reshoring – the return flow of companies to the
native country – because so-called offshoring – low costs for labour
– is losing meaning. It is evident that this 21st century phenomenon
will impact the Slovak market and in the future its influence will
grow significantly larger.
5.3
The state and trade unions
Wage inflexibility is typical for the labour market, because in
circumstances of imperfect competition, companies themselves
decide on wages. Nevertheless, they are limited by trade unions – by
the conditions set down in a collective bargaining agreement, as
well as by the state through legislation – for example, in the setting
of a minimum wage. Thus, aside from companies and households,
trade unions and the state also affect the labour market. As a result
of their activities, wage rates also remain above or below the level
of the limit for work for a longer time (Holková, 2007). The labour
market is regulated through the economic, legal and political
instruments of the state. The state, too, is an important employer on
the labour market in the areas of the military, health care, education
and so on. It also affects the labour market through the method
taxation of income or via social payments. State influence can take
the form of legal provisions, laws and regulations, with the most
important regulatory instrument being the statutory minimum wage
(Ivanová, 2005). It is important to lay down certain rules between
employers and employees in relation to work. On one side stand
employers with their demands, and on the other employees, who
organize themselves into trade unions, which helps them to better
promote their own interests. Trade unions are an important partner
of the state (government) and employers in tripartite negotiations,
which are primarily concerned with questions of wages and working
conditions. The results of the negotiations result in a general
agreement and are reflected at a lower level (the company level) in a
collective agreement. Trade union activities can lead to increased
labour productivity, e.g. by ensuring better overall working
conditions for employees, increasing labour mobility, but also to a
drop in efficiency by limiting the supply of labour (De La Peña
Esteban & Peña-Miguel, 2018), strikes and other forms (Holková,
2007). Trade unions provide a certain counterbalance to the
monopoly power of companies, but we also see them as a labour
supply monopoly. This has become one of the main causes of
imperfect competition in the labour market and consequent wage
inflexibility (Horehájová, Masarová, 2007).
5.4
Unemployment
One of the most serious social issues in Slovakia and an important
factor that influences the level and development of wages is
unemployment (or employment). The measure of unemployment
affects the performance of the national economy, the standard of
living and last but not least the choice of a job and the wage
associated with it. When unemployment is too high, the bargaining
power of workers is weak, and so they have almost no possibility of
pressuring employers and negotiating a higher wage, because many
unemployed people who would be willing to work for their current
wage are waiting for that job. In the case of an unfavourably low
measure of unemployment, workers would have greater bargaining
power and could claim higher (satisfactory) pay for their work with
little risk of losing their job. Thus, this would cause employers to
not be able to permit a slowing of production by a lengthy search for
new labour force with sufficient qualification with weaker demand
for jobs (Hetteš, Ferenčíková, 2014; Deskar-Škrbić, Drezgić, &
Šimović, 2018).
The relationship between unemployment, nominal wages and prices
is depicted by a Phillips’ curve, which illustrates the relationship
between the development of the measure of unemployment and
changes in nominal wages. The original curve derives from the
assumption that changes in nominal wages depend on the measure
of unemployment. From its shape it’s possible to see that a relatively
small lowering of unemployment leads to a sharp increase in
nominal wage rates. The Phillips curve is valid with the supressing
of inflation and unemployment; it cannot be applied with chronic
inflation. Its curvature is given by the variability of nominal wages,
which increase for too long with growing demand for the labour
force, but slightly go down with growing unemployment
(Ištvániková, Lukáčik, Szomolányi, 2002; Hudcovský, Lábaj, &
Morvay, 2017).
Graph 1 Development of the unemployment rate in Slovakia and the
EU, 2008 - 2018 (%)
Source: own processing based on Eurostat
Graph 1 depicts the total measure of unemployment in the Slovak
Republic and the European Union from 2008 to 2018.
Unemployment in Slovakia in comparison to the EU average is at all
times higher up to 2017, when the unemployment figures were the
same, at about 8%. The impact of the financial crisis in the EU
began to appear in the Euro Area especially in 2008. The global
economy began to slow down, and the EU Commission carefully
advised that lower economic growth and higher inflation can be
expected in 2008 (Euractiv, 2016). The lowering of economic
growth had a large impact on the labour market. The declining trend
in unemployment seen in the preceding years was stopped as a
consequence of the recession. In 2009 unemployment grew in
Slovakia to 12.1%. The crisis peaked in Slovakia in 2010, when
unemployment climbed to 14.5% (Morvay, 2011; Andriescu, 2018;
Přívara, 2019). However, 2010 did not mean the end of the crisis
and its impacts on unemployment; we can still see a level of
increased unemployment up to 2013. From 2010 to 2013, despite
small deviations, the measure of unemployment moved on
approximately the same level. We begin to see economic recovery
and the end of the impact of the crisis in 2014, when employment
began to climb. This positive trend in the economy and in
employment has endured from 2014 up to the present. In 2018 the
unemployment rate fell under the EU average (7.3%), specifically to
6.6%. The highest unemployment was recorded in Slovakia in 2010,
when it was at 14.5% and in the EU in 2013, at 11.4%.
5.5
Inflation
Inflation is a process of breakdowns in the micro- and macro-
balance in the monetary and real economy spheres. It is expressed
by an increase in prices for products and services, or by a permanent
Vol. 9, Issue 1
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