GRANT
journal
ISSN 1805-062X, 1805-0638 (online), ETTN 072-11-00002-09-4
EUROPEAN GRANT PROJECTS | RESULTS | RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT | SCIENCE
and even regions, even from the city of Košice in the east, come
here for the greater opportunities on the labour market and the
higher value of work. At the same time, however, it can be said that
the cost of living is significantly higher around the capital than in
other regions. Thanks to its geographical location, several large
companies, such as Volkswagen and larger investors, have
concentrated in Bratislava, because they have branches in nearby
Vienna, Budapest and Prague. In the Trnava and Trenčín regions the
operating of businesses and the expansion of production by the
Peugeot automobile factory in Trnava or several logistics
investments have caused growth in average wages. A similar
development is to be expected in the Nitra region after the launch of
production at the new Jaguar plant. The problems facing
underdeveloped areas include a lack of infrastructure, poor
connections to major transport routes and the stronger focus on
agriculture. Differences are manifested both in the equipping of
basic as well as higher infrastructure (transport,
telecommunications) and in research and development and
workforce qualifications (Rievajová, Klimko, 2018).
5.
IMPACT OF SELECTED FACTORS ON WAGE
DEVELOPMENT
The level of wages is different in different time periods, for different
jobs, in various countries and regions within a country. These
differences are caused by economic and social factors that are
differentiated in individual countries and regions of the given
countries. We can rank the development of GDP, inflation and the
labour market situation among the primary economic factors. We
assign education and age of employees, standard of living in the
given area, differences in the quality of work or the exceptional
skills of individuals among the social factors. Likewise, wage levels
are also influenced by various global and regional factors, such as
globalization, technological changes, financial markets and labour
market institutions, economic cycles, the political situation, natural
conditions (location) and others. Each of these factors influences in
a different way, at different intensities and time horizons, and may
occur individually, simultaneously or linked to one another
(Pauhofová, 2016).
According to Rievajová (2009), among the causes that influence
differences in wages are those caused by the fact that different
professions, differences caused by the unique skills of individuals,
differences between the wage value of a highly qualified labour
force and a low qualified force and differences caused as a result of
labour market segmentation impose such differences on people.
Differences in wages constantly exist; however, if these inequalities
arise due to sex, religion, age or race, then they are a sign of
discrimination.
5.1
Globalization
Globalization as a worldwide phenomenon helps trade and the
movement of capital and goods between states. This causes inflows
of foreign capital and goods to our country, too, which has a positive
impact on the creation of jobs and expanding the assortment of
products for more affordable prices (Strielkowski, Rausser, Bilan, &
Tsevukh, 2018). In Slovakia in the recent past this has meant the
arrival of automobile manufacturers (Kia, VW, Peugeot, Citroën,
Jaguar, Land Rover), machine production (Whirlpool), clothing and
shoe production (ECCO), the wood-processing industry (IKEA,
Decodom) and the like. On the other hand, foreign investors force
out domestic producers and foreign suppliers push out domestic
products from the offer through more affordable prices, and this
again causes a reduction of domestic producers (Danaj, Lazányi, &
Bilan, 2018; Wang, 2019). In consequence of globalization and
technological changes, individual countries are forced to adapt their
economies in that they will modernize their industries and take
advantage of trends in technological progress in order to ensure
competitiveness of businesses. We can observe around the world
that some countries, such as, e.g. Denmark, France, the USA, the
United Kingdom or China, have already adapted their economies to
intelligent production and have thus brought visible results.
Germany is the largest innovator in introducing measures for
digitization. Since the European Union is not lagging behind in this
trend, Slovak industry is forced to respond to changes, because this
would negatively impact the entire economy (MESR, 2018; Přívara,
2019; Přívara et al., 2019). Slovakia as an open economy is very
dependent on exports and the ability to remain globally competitive.
The low wage level in the country is crucial mainly in relation to the
existing structure of exports. In general, it applies that the lowest
wage levels are in the sectors of raw materials and commodities,
higher in the production and assembly sectors and the highest with
technological sectors. Assembly and manufacturing predominate in
the structure of Slovak exports. Therefore, low wages in this sector
are a crucial factor. The pressure of global competition is very
significant for Slovakia and strongly influences the development of
income polarisation (Ondrovič, 2015).
5.2
Technological changes
Technological changes are a factor that has a negative impact on
wage levels. They often cause workers to be replaced by machines
or require them to develop higher qualifications, while low-skilled
workers find poor application. Companies prefer using technology
due to the resulting speed, precision, performance, economy and
reliability. In Slovakia carmakers in particular use the most modern
technologies, and on some production lines no human labour is
required at all, and in order to service them only workers with
higher qualifications are needed. On one hand technology in some
activities replaces the labour force, but on the other hand it creates
new job opportunities. However, it is essential to adapt educational
policies and employment to new trends and challenges, because
machines and computers are able to replace even routine manual
work. They do not have analytical and social skills and are unable to
think creatively; therefore, the labour market requires specific types
of skills from the labour force (Přívara & Přívarová, 2019; Přívara &
Rievajová, 2019). Lifelong education focused on obtaining
professional skills is a preventive measure against the impact of
automation, and it is true that the higher the level of education, the
lower likely the threat from automation. From the viewpoint of
employment and wage amounts, automation does not influence the
labour force on the labour market in the same way. The labour
market creates opportunities for employees with high qualifications
and skills, which leads to a substitution effect, i.e. it replaces human
labour with medium-skilled technology. According to
prognosticators, unemployment in highly qualified jobs will show a
growing trend in Slovakia over the next 10 years. This relates
especially to specialists, managers and professionals in various
fields. The majority of economically active citizens of Slovakia have
low qualifications, which as a result leads to a loss of employment
or very low pay for performing work, which is manifested in a lower
share of wages in GDP (Martinák, 2017).
According to OECD sources (Arntz, 2016), Slovakia is a country
which is most threatened by the impact of the substitution effect on
the labour market. It is for the moment protected against massive
automation by the cheap labour force. However, in the future the
range of automation will increase, because the structure of the
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