GRANT
journal
ISSN 1805-062X, 1805-0638 (online), ETTN 072-11-00002-09-4
EUROPEAN GRANT PROJECTS | RESULTS | RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT | SCIENCE
increased stiffness of the parts to be joined,
tightness of joints (no need for additional sealing),
good damping properties (noise, vibration),
increased safety in case of failure,
weight loss,
possibility of joining materials of different sizes and
thicknesses,
increase of corrosion resistance of the car body, both chemical
and electrolytic (adhesive is an electrical insulator),
possibility of joining various materials (steel-glass, rubber-steel
etc.),
no damage to the protective layer of galvanized sheets,
flat mounting of car body plates ensures uniformly distributed
tension in the glued joint (which increases overall strength and
rigidity of the whole car body).
Disadvantages of glued joints:
technological complexity of preparation of glued surfaces,
long curing time of the adhesive, maximum strength of the
glued joint reaches after some time,
low temperature resistance,
aging of the adhesive,
low peel and splitting strength,
non-demountability of glued joints.
The main advantage of joining parts by gluing is the use of this
technology where it is not possible to create a joint in other ways eg
different types of materials, complex shapes, etc. [15]. Bonding has
many advantages and disadvantages, but this work focuses primarily
on the advantages and disadvantages of using adhesive technology
in the automotive industry and with regard to the design and stress
of the bonded joint.
3.
GLUED JOINTS IN PASSENGER CARS
Glued joints appear in the automotive industry in many types, both
in terms of functional stress and in terms of design. It can be said
that the bonding either acts as a complementary and sealing function
(bonding and cementing of bodies for sealing, vibration damping,
corrosion protection, application of reinforcements) or, in specific
cases, can generally represent welding technology in structural
strength joints. Some applications of glued joints can be seen in
Figure 1.
Fig. 1 Overview of glued joints of the car body [16]
At present, car body plates are most often joined by resistance (spot,
seam and projection) welding technology. This technology has
several disadvantages. These disadvantages include, for example,
problematic joining of sheets of different thicknesses and qualities,
or thermal influencing of the welded area. Other specific problems
are caused by the zinc coating, which serves as a corrosion
protection in cars. Zinc adheres to the electrodes and there is a
problem at the weld seams to maintain the protective function of the
coating.
By using the bonding technology we avoid these problems and we
can take advantage of the many advantages it offers in the
automotive industry. Such as the possibility of new assembly
procedures, reduction of the resulting weight of the car, preservation
of the protective layer of zinc, higher strength and rigidity of the
body, high quality of appearance of the parts to be joined and
substantial reduction of noise in the car body.
It also has number of complications with the use of bonding
technology in car body construction. For example, the adhesive
must be overpainted [17, 18], due to production, short time intervals
to cure the joint, the adhesive life must be longer than that of a car,
the adhesive must have sufficient strength, the shrinkage of the
adhesive during curing on the car body surface.
The nature and composition of the adhesives used to build the car
body is always firmly linked to the desired function of the joint. In
this way, the adhesives can be divided into strength, reinforcement
and sealing. Strength adhesives cure together with body paint. The
edge adhesives are partially cured by induction heating during
assembly, but full hardness is achieved only during the curing of the
varnish by high temperatures in the furnace. The designer currently
has a choice of many types of adhesives with different mechanical
properties, ranging from tensile to brittle behavior. In the
automotive industry, we are particularly interested in strength
adhesives.
4.
STRENGTH CALCULATION OF GLUED JOINTS
Glued joints can be loaded statically or dynamically and their
material properties are determined primarily for three characteristic
load cases: tension, shear and peel. As a rule, the pressure is not
specified because the compressive strength of the glued joint is
incomparably higher than for other types of stress and is difficult to
achieve. These characteristic load cases usually occur in different
combinations (eg tension - shear, peel - tension). In special cases,
however, these load cases can be encountered separately (Firure 2)
(eg net tension or clean shear).
Fig. 2 Types of stresses of glued joints
Vol. 9, Issue 1
107